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English Standard Version (2001, ESV) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with Septuagint influence. |
| Text basis for the Apocrypha: Göttingen Septuagint, Ralf Septuagint and Stuttgart Vulgate. |
| Text basis for New Testament: Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th edition. |
| Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: Crossway Bibles |
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The ESV is a revision of the Revised Standard Version (1971). It contains the non-inspired books of the Apocrypha. |
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What is DYNAMIC
and FORMAL EQUIVALENCE? | | | | Dynamic and formal equivalence are two methods used to translate source text (e.g. Hebrew or Greek) into another language (e.g. English). Dynamic (or functional) equivalence attempts to convey the THOUGHT expressed in the source text using equivalent expressions from a contemporary language like English (THOUGHT-FOR-THOUGHT). The formal equivalence method attempts to translate the source text WORD-FOR-WORD into another language. The difference between these two Bible Translation techniques can be seen by comparing the Good News Bible translation (dynamic equivalence) to the New King James Version Bible (formal equivalence) for the first two verses of Genesis: "In the beginning, when God created the universe, the earth was formless and desolate. The raging ocean that covered everything was engulfed in total darkness, and the Spirit of God was moving over the water." (Genesis 1:1-2, GNB) "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form, and void; and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters." (Genesis 1:1-2, NKJV)
For a particular Bible the translators may use either dynamic or formal equivalence, or they may use both to varying degrees. Dynamic equivalence Bibles can be good for conveying the overall meaning of a Biblical passage. For detailed, in-depth Bible study into what the Bible teaches, however, the exactness of a formal equivalence Bible is best used. | | | |
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Good News Bible (1976, GNB) |
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| Former Name: Today's English Version (TEV) |
| Text basis for New Testament: Medium correspondence to Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th ed. |
| Bible Translation Method: Dynamic Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: American Bible Society. Apocrypha copyrighted by British and Foreign Bible Society. |
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The Good News Bible is also known as the Good News Translation (GNT). It is written in simple, everyday language. The 1979 edition of the GNB includes the Apocrypha. |
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Holman Christian Standard Bible (2004, HCSB) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia 5th edition with Septuagint influence. |
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| Text basis for New Testament: Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th edition and the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, 4th corrected edition. |
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| Bible Translation Method: Mix of Dynamic and Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: Holman Bible Publishers |
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The HCSB is the work of one hundred men and women representing seventeen different denominations. One distinction of the HCSB is the translation of the tetragrammaton (name of the God of Israel used in the Hebrew Bible and represented by the letters YHWH) in 495 places to the English word Yahweh. |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Ben Asher Masoretic Hebrew Text |
| Text basis for New Testament: Stephens Greek Text of 1550 A.D. |
| Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: York Publishing |
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| The HBFV is the only known modern Bible that uses the original inspired canonical manuscript order to arrange the Bible's books. This translation restores the Bible’s original book order and reestablishes its seven divisions which are: 1) The Law, 2) The Prophets, 3) The Writings, 4) The Gospels and Acts, 5) The General Epistles, 6) The Epistles of Paul, and 7) The Book of Revelation. According to its translator, the HBFV reflects the true meaning of the original Hebrew and Greek text and shows the unity of Scripture between the Old and New Testaments. |
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Interlinear Bible: Hebrew - Greek - English (1985, LITV) |
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| Former Name: Green's Literal Translation (LITV) |
| Text basis for Old Testament: Masoretic Text |
| Text basis for New Testament: Textus Receptus |
| Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: Jay P. Green, Sr. |
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Jewish Bible: Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures (1985, NJPS) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Masoretic Text |
| Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: Jewish Publication Society |
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The NJPS is a modern Jewish translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into English. It is the second translation published by the Jewish Publication Society, which is the oldest nonprofit, nondenominational publisher of Jewish works in English. This new translation supersedes the Society's 1917 translation, which is abbreviated as JPS. |
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King James Version Bible (1611, KJV) Text basis for Old Testament: Masoretic Text
Text basis for New Testament: Textus Receptus
Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence
Bible Translation Owner: The KJV is public domain except in the United Kingdom where restrictions apply. The KJV Bible is also known as the Authorized Version (AV) or King James Bible. This translation was commissioned by King James I of England (born 1566 A.D., died 1625). Forty-seven scholars from the Church of England worked on the translation. Though four hundred years old, the KJV still remains one of the most popular Bibles sold. Living Bible (1971, TLB) Text basis for Old Testament / New Testament: Paraphrase of American Standard Version (ASV) with comparisons to other translations.
Bible Translation type: Paraphrase
Bible Translation Owner: Tyndale House Publishers The Living Bible (TLB) is an English version of the Bible created by Kenneth N. Taylor. It was one of the best selling translations in the early 1970s. In the late 1980s Taylor and Tyndale House Publishers invited a team of ninety Greek and Hebrew scholars to participate in a project of revising the LB text. The result of their work was an entirely new translation named the Holy Bible: New Living Translation (NLT). | |  Illuminated capital "P" from 1407 A.D. hand-written Latin Bible. The Latin letters after the"P" are "ETRUS," forming 'Peter' | | | | |
Moffatt New Translation (1922, MNT) |
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| Published by: University of Chicago Press |
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James Moffatt (1870 - 1944 A.D.) was Professor of Greek and New Testament Exegesis at Mansfield College, Oxford, England. He was also Professor of Church History at United Free Church College and Union Theological Seminary. In the introduction to his 1926 edition, Moffatt wrote, "The aim I have endeavored to keep before my mind in making this translation has been to present the books of the Old and the New Testament in effective, intelligible English." |
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New American Bible (1970, NAB) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls influence. |
| Text basis for Apocrypha: Septuagint, Dead Sea Scrolls and some Vulgate influence. |
| Text basis for New Testament: Novum Testamentum Graece, 25th edition. |
| Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence |
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The NAB is a Catholic Bible translation that had its beginnings in the Confraternity Bible, which began to be translated from the original languages in 1948. It was specifically translated into English by the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine under the liturgical principles and reforms of the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). |
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What is
the APOCRYPHA? | | | | The Apocrypha is a collection of books found in Roman Catholic and a few modern non-Catholic Bibles. These books were written roughly two hundred years AFTER the official canon of the Old Testament was finalized by Ezra and the Great Assembly. One Bible translation wrote concerning the origination and inspiration of the Apocrypha: "Hellenistic Jewish authorities later added fourteen books, bringing the final number of books in the LXX Greek Old Testament to fifty-three. These additional books — written in Greek by Greek-speaking Jewish religious leaders in the third and second centuries B.C. — are called the APOCRYPHA, meaning they were of doubtful authorship or authenticity. "The Aaronic / Levitical authorities (who canonized the Old Testament) considered these added books to be SPURIOUS, as they contain many teachings that are CONTRARY to the Word of God. Moreover, these books were not written in Hebrew, the language of the Old Testament. Thus, the apocryphal books were NEVER accepted into the authorized Hebrew canon of the Old Testament." (Holy Bible - A Faithful Version, Second Edition, pages 1-2, emphasis added)
The books that compose the Apocrypha are: I and II Esdras, Ecclesiasticus, Bel and the Dragon, Tobit, Baruch (with Epistle of Jeremiah), Prayer of Manasseh, Judith, Song of the Three Children, I and II Maccabees, the Rest of Esther, the Story of Susanna and Wisdom. Very popular modern Bibles such as the NIV, NLT, KJV, NKJV, NASB and others do not include the Apocrypha. | | | |
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New American Standard Bible (1971, NASB) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with Septuagint influence. |
| Text basis for New Testament: Novum Testamentum Graece. |
| Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: The Lockman Foundation |
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The NASB, also called New American Standard Version (NASV), is considered a literal and conservative revision of the American Standard Version Bible (ASV) of 1901. |
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New English Bible (1970, NEB) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Primarily the Masoretic Text as presented by Rudolf Kittel in his 3rd Edition of the Biblia Hebraica (1937). Also used were the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Greek Septuagint, the Aramaic Targums, and the Syriac Peshitta. |
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| Text basis for Apocrypha: The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint, edited by H. B. Swete. Also used was the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, Codex 248 and R. L. Bensly's Latin text The Fourth Book of Ezra. |
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| Text basis for New Testament: Early Greek New Testament manuscripts, early translations rendered in other languages (those aside from Greek), and the quotations of early Christian writers and speakers. |
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| Bible Translation Method: Dynamic Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press |
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The New English Bible (NEB) is a translation of the Bible into modern English directly from the original Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic texts. This controversial version, which also includes the Apocrypha, was sponsored by several denominations in Great Britain. |
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New International Reader's Version (1996, NIRV) |
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| Bible Translation Owner: International Bible Society |
| Published by: Zondervan |
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The New International Reader's Version (NIrV) is derived from the popular New International Version Bible (NIV). The NIV was rewritten in a simpler form of English by the International Bible Society in order to make the Bible more accessible to people who have difficulty reading English. |
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New International Version Bible (1978, NIV) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Biblia Hebraica Masoretic Hebrew Text, Dead Sea Scrolls, Samaritan Pentateuch, Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, Latin Vulgate, Syriac Peshitta and Aramaic Targums. For the Psalms the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome was used. |
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| Text basis for New Testament: United Bible Societies' Koine Greek language editions and the Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (based on Westcott-Hort, Weiss and Tischendorf, 1862). |
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| Bible Translation Method: Mix of Dynamic and Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: Biblica (formerly called the International Bible Society). |
| Published by: Zondervan |
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The NIV is one of the most popular modern English translations of the Bible. Fifteen Biblical scholars made up the core translation team that produced the NIV, with additional scholars from various denominations around the world also participating. |
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New Jerusalem Bible (1985, NJB) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with Septuagint influence. |
| Text basis for Apocrypha: Septuagint with Vulgate influence. |
| Text basis for New Testament: Novum Testamentum Graece 25th ed. with occasional parallels to Codex Bezae. |
| Bible Translation Method: Dynamic Equivalence |
| Published by: Darton, Longman & Todd and Les Editions du Cerf. |
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The NJB is a Roman Catholic translation of the Bible. It is an updated version of the Jerusalem Bible, which was an English version of a French Bible translation known as La Bible de Jérusalem. Like the Jerusalem Bible, the NJB translates God's name in the Old Testament (the Tetragrammaton) as Yahweh. |
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New King James Version Bible Translation (1982, NKJV) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Masoretic Text with Septuagint influence. |
| Text basis for New Testament: Textus Receptus, similar to the Byzantine text type. |
| Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: Thomas Nelson, Inc. |
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The NKJV Bible is a conservative revision of the King James Version Bible that does not make any alterations on the basis of a revised Greek or Hebrew text, but adheres to the readings presumed to underlie the KJV. The Gideons, a Christian organization that distributes free Bibles (known as "Gideon's Bible") through hotels, motels and other means, uses the NKJV. |
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Best Selling Bibles
in terms of number sold * | | | | | | * Based on data from the Association of Christian Retail | | | |
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New Revised Standard Version (1989, NRSV) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with Dead Sea Scrolls and Septuagint influence. |
| Text basis for Apocrypha: Septuagint with Vulgate influence. |
| Text basis for New Testament: Novum Testamentum Graece 27th edition. |
| Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. |
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The NRSV is a thorough revision of the Revised Standard Version Bible (RSV) of 1952. This translation is less literal than the RSV due to the goal of making the English easier to understand. Some editions of the NRSV contain the Apocrypha.
The NRSV was the first major Bible version to use gender-neutral language for various passages of scripture. One example of this gender change can be found in Apostle Paul's first letter to the Corinthians. For comparison purposes, the example verse is quoted from the NKJV Bible and then from the NRSV: "When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a MAN, I put away childish things." (1Corinthians 13:11, NKJV) "When I was a child, I spoke like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child; when I became an ADULT, I put an end to childish ways. " (1Corinthians 13:11, NRSV)
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Revised Standard Version Bible (1952, RSV) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with limited Dead Sea Scrolls and Septuagint influence. |
| Text basis for New Testament: Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece 17th edition. |
| Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. |
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The RSV is an authorized revision of the American Standard Version (ASV) of 1901. The 1957 version of the RSV contains the Apocrypha. |
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Young's Literal Translation (1862, YLT) |
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| Text basis for Old Testament: Masoretic Text |
| Text basis for New Testament: Textus Receptus |
| Bible Translation Method: Formal Equivalence |
| Bible Translation Owner: Public Domain |
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The YLT is a translation produced by Robert Young, who also produced Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible. It is considered a strict literal translation of the original Hebrew and Greek texts. |
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BIBLE TEXT BASIS DEFINITIONS |
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Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia An edition of the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible as preserved in the Leningrad Codex and supplemented by Masoretic and text-critical notes. |
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Masoretic Text (MT) Considered the authoritative Hebrew text of what we today call the Old Testament. The word Masoretic comes from the Hebrew word masora, meaning tradition.
The text itself is based on the Masora, the textual tradition and marginal notes of the Levitical scholars known as Masoretes. The Masoretes were active from about 500 to 950 A.D. They continued the work of earlier Aaronic priests and Levitical scribes known as the Sopherim, who were appointed by Ezra the prophet as the official guardians of the Hebrew text after its canonization around the 500s to 400s B.C. |
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Novum Testamentum Graece Latin name of the Greek-language version of the New Testament, which was first published by Erasmus in 1516 A.D. Today, this term usually refers to the Nestle-Aland editions, which are named after the scholars who led the critical editing work. |
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Septuagint The word Septuagint, which means "seventy," is a Greek translation of the Hebrew-based Old Testament. Also called the LXX (the Roman numeral for 70), the text is believed to be the work of seventy Jewish scholars that assembled in Alexandria, Egypt around 285 to 247 B.C. The Septuagint includes the books of the Apocrypha. |
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Textus Receptus Textus Receptus, which is Latin for "received text," is also known as the Stephens Greek Text of 1550 A.D. The Stephens text was one of the Reformation's printed editions of the Greek New Testament. The Textus Receptus was the translation base for the original German Luther Bible, the translation of the New Testament into English by William Tyndale, the King James Version Bible and other Bibles. |
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Vulgate (Latin Vulgate) A 4th century A.D. Latin translation of the Bible by Jerome, a Greek and Latin scholar who was commissioned by Roman Catholic Pope Damasus I. The Vulgate included the fourteen books of the Apocrypha. It was considered the definitive edition of the Bible up until the 1530s. |
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Written by: The Bible Study Web Site at BibleStudy.org |
Sources: Wikipedia, Holy Bible in its Original Order - A Faithful Version |
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