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Brief Comparison between Old and New Covenant
| Old Covenant | New Covenant |
| A physical covenant based on physical promises. Exodus 19:5-6; Deuteronomy 28; Leviticus 26 |
A spiritual covenant based on spiritual promises and eternal life. John 3:16; Hebrews 8:6, 9:15; Romans 8; Luke 18:29-30 |
| Had physical circumcision. Genesis 17:9; Exodus 12:48; John 7:22 |
Repentance and circumcision of the heart through baptism. Acts 2:38, 3:19; Romans 2:25-29; Philippians 3:3; Jeremiah 4:4; Colossians 2:11-13 |
| People did not have the Holy Spirit. They were to obey in the letter of the law. Romans 7:6; Hebrews 8:7-9; Matthew 5:21-45 |
Converted believers have the gift of the Holy Spirit and are to obey in the spirit of the law. Matthew 5:21-48, 6:1-34; Acts 2:38; Romans 7:6, 8:9-10; Galatians 2:20; Hebrews 8:10-12, 10:16 |
| If obeyed in the letter of the law, could live in the community, worship at the earthly tabernacle. Hebrews 9:13; Galatians 3:12; Leviticus 18:5; 2 Corinthians 3:16 |
Believe in Christ and obey in the spirit of the law; have direct access to worship God the Father in heaven through
Jesus Christ. John 4:23-24, 16:23-27; Hebrews 6:20, 10:23; Romans 8:9-39; Ephesians 2:18-22; 2 Corinthians 3:6 |
| Had works of law, offerings and animal sacrifices, vows, washings, etc. Leviticus 1-7 |
Have sacrifice of Jesus Christ, fruits of the Holy Spirit, prayer and good works. Hebrews 9:10, 10:12, 13:15; Galatians 5:22-24; Ephesians 2:10; Romans 12:1-2; Revelation 8:3-5; Matthew 19:17; Mark 15:15-18 |
| Old Covenant | New Covenant |
| If transgressed the law, physical atonement for certain sins, death penalty for others. Hebrews 9:7-10; 2 Corinthians 3 |
If transgressed the law, forgiveness upon repentance; second death for unpardonable sin. Hebrews 8:5, 9:1-28, 10:16-31; Revelation 20:14-15, 21:8; 2 Corinthians 3 |
| Had physical ordinances of divine service and earthly sanctuary. Hebrews 9:1-5 |
Has actual divine service and a heavenly sanctuary. Hebrews 8:5; 9:1-5, 24-28; 10:16-31; Revelation 8:3-4 |
| At institution of Old Covenant and earthly tabernacle, blood of animals used for consecration. Hebrews 9:18-23; Exodus 24:3-8, 40:1-38 |
At institution of New Covenant and heavenly tabernacle, consecrated with the blood of Jesus Christ. Luke 22:19-22; 1 Corinthians 11:23-32; Hebrews 9:14-28, 10:5-14 |
| Sons of Aaron high priest of earthly tabernacle. Hebrews 8:3-5; Exodus 28:1 |
Christ is High Priest of heavenly tabernacle forever. Hebrews 4:14-16, 5:1-9, 7:17; Hebrews 8:1-2, 9:11 |
| Priest offered animal sacrifices for physical justification to earthly tabernacle and purifying the flesh; high priest
went into Holy of Holies once a year. Hebrews 5:1-3, 9:1-13 |
Christ offered Himself once as the sacrifice for the sins of the world and justification is now to God in the heavenly
tabernacle for all who repent and are baptized. Hebrews 7:25-27, 9:23-28 Acts 11:18; Galatians 2:20; Romans 3:24-25 |
| No direct access to God the Father. Hebrews 9:6-8; 10:19 |
Direct access to the Father through Christ. Matthew 27:51; Hebrews 4:14-16; Ephesians 7:25-27; John 16; Galatians 4:6-7; Romans 8:15; Ephesians 2:18 |
| Could not make a person perfect as pertaining to conscience. Hebrews 9:9; 10:4, 11 |
Forgives sin spiritually and purges the conscience through the operation of the Holy Spirit unto perfection. Hebrews 10:14-17; 2 Corinthians 3:9; Colossians 1:27; Matthew 5:48; Philippians 2:5, 3:9-17; Ephesians 4 |
| Sacrifices and oblations ceased to be effective at the time the new spiritual order was established by Jesus Christ. Hebrews 9:9-10; Daniel 9:27 |
Christ's one supreme sacrifice to apply to all who accept it from time of Adam to the end of humanity. Hebrews 10:10-14 |
| Ceased to be effective after the death of Jesus Christ. Hebrews 8:13; 10:9; Matthew 27:51 |
Established after Christ's resurrection and ascension to the throne of God. Hebrews 8:13; Matthew 27:51 |
| Source: The New Testament in its Original Order: A Faithful
Version by Fred Coulter |
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